يتخذ المزارعون قرارات بشأن ما يجب زراعته، وما هي الحيوانات التي يجب الاحتفاظ بها، ومستوى ونوع المدخلات والأساليب التي سيستخدمونها. تستند قراراتهم إلى مجموعة من العوامل الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية. مواقف المزارعين ومستوى المعرفة مهمان أيضًا.
العوامل الاجتماعية والاقتصادية
هي عوامل بشرية وتشمل العمالة ورأس المال والتكنولوجيا والأسواق والحكومة (السياسية). تختلف أهمية كل عامل من مزرعة إلى أخرى. لاحظ كيف يؤثر كل منها على المزارع القريبة منك.
العمالة
- يستخدم المزارعون العمالة الرخيصة الوفيرة بدلاً من الآلات. في اليابان والمملكة المتحدة، حيث العمالة باهظة الثمن، يستخدمون الآلات. • قد يكون الأشخاص الذين يعملون في المزارع عمالًا غير مهرة أو مهرة وقادرين على استخدام الآلات، مثل الجرارات والحصادات وآلات الحلب.
رأس المال (التمويل)
- رأس المال، الأموال التي يجب على المزارع استثمارها في المزرعة، يمكن استخدامها لزيادة كمية المدخلات في المزرعة، مثل الآلات، والأسوار، والبذور، والأسمدة، وتجديد المباني.
- إذا كان المزارع قادرًا على استثمار رأس المال، فسترتفع العائدات ويمكن أن تحقق أرباحًا أكبر يمكن استخدامها لمزيد من الاستثمار.
تكنولوجيا
- الآلات والري نوعان من التقنيات التي يمكن أن تزيد من الغلة.
- توفر البيوت المحمية بتقنية التحكم بالكمبيوتر ظروفًا مثالية للمحاصيل عالية الجودة. يتحكم الكمبيوتر في درجة الحرارة ومستوى الرطوبة وكمية العلف للنباتات.
- سمحت الهندسة الوراثية بتربية نباتات جديدة تقاوم الجفاف والأمراض وتعطي عوائد أعلى.
الأسواق
- يزرع المزارعون محاصيل مطلوبة ومتغيرة لتلبية الطلبات الجديدة، على سبيل المثال تحول مزارعو المطاط في ماليزيا إلى زيت النخيل مع انخفاض الطلب على المطاط.
- تتنوع الأسواق على مدار العام ويغير المزارعون إنتاجهم ليناسبهم.
حكومة
- تؤثر الحكومات على المحاصيل التي يزرعها المزارعون من خلال اللوائح والإعانات والحصص.
- تقدم الحكومات المشورة والتدريب والتمويل للمزارعين، وفي مناطق زراعية جديدة، قد تبني البنية التحتية للطرق والصرف، مثل الأمازون.
- في بعض البلدان، مثل كينيا وماليزيا، تحاول الحكومة مساعدة المزارعين الرحل على الاستقرار في مكان واحد.
- تخطط بعض الحكومات وتمول خطط استصلاح الأراضي وتحسينها.
العوامل البيئية
- هذه عوامل فيزيائية وتشمل المناخ والتضاريس والتربة.
مناخ
- تؤثر درجة الحرارة (الحد الأدنى 6 درجات مئوية لنمو المحاصيل) وهطول الأمطار (250 مم إلى 500 مم على الأقل) على أنواع المحاصيل التي يمكن زراعتها، مثل المناطق الاستوائية الرطبة الحارة تفضل الأرز، بينما تفضل المناطق الأكثر برودة وجفاف القمح.
- يؤثر طول موسم النمو أيضًا على المحاصيل المزروعة، على سبيل المثال يحتاج القمح إلى 90 يومًا. تحتوي بعض مناطق زراعة الأرز على محصولين أو ثلاثة محاصيل سنويًا.
اِرتِياح
- الأراضي المنخفضة، مثل السهول الفيضية، جيدة للمحاصيل.
- المنحدرات شديدة الانحدار تعيق الآلات ولها تربة أرق ؛ المنحدرات المنخفضة والأكثر رقة هي أقل عرضة لتآكل التربة.
- تفضل محاصيل الشاي والقهوة التربة جيدة التصريف على منحدرات التلال.
- تنخفض درجة الحرارة بمقدار 6.5 درجة مئوية لكل 1000 متر يتم اكتسابها في الارتفاع.
- تتلقى المنحدرات المواجهة للجنوب مزيدًا من ضوء الشمس.
تربة
- الخصوبة مهمة. التربة الفقيرة تعني مخرجات أقل أو مدخلات أكبر من الأسمدة.
- تعتبر السهول الفيضية جيدة للأرز بسبب التربة الغرينية.
- يقلل الصرف الجيد من مخاطر التشبع بالمياه.
المنافسة من السوق العالمية
يلقي هذا الفيديو نظرة على زراعة القمح في إيست أنجليا متأثرة بالظروف المحلية والأسواق العالمية. تعني الظروف الجوية السيئة إمكانية تأخير الحصاد وإتلاف المحاصيل. تتقلب أسعار القمح استجابة للعرض والطلب ويتم تحديد الأسعار وفقًا للأسواق العالمية. يمكن لأجزاء أخرى من العالم إنتاج القمح بسعر أرخص من بريطانيا، ولذا يجب أن يظل المزارعون قادرين على المنافسة. أدى العلم والتكنولوجيا وتربية النباتات إلى زيادة الإنتاج بشكل كبير وتضاعف إنتاج القمح البريطاني ثلاث مرات.
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