الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيا: الفوائد والتأثيرات البيئية

الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيا

أهم عنصر يحدد خصوبة التربة هو التربة السطحية. يستغرق صنع 15 سم فقط من التربة السطحية حوالي 3000 عام.

لماذا 15؟

لأن 15 سم من التربة السطحية هي الحد الأدنى الذي نحتاجه للأرض لتكون قادرة على الحفاظ على نمو المحاصيل.

للأسف، نحن الآن نفقد جزءًا كبيرًا من طبقة التربة هذه كل عام. فمثلا؛ معدل نضوب طبقة التربة السطحية في الولايات المتحدة أعلى بـ 18 مرة مما ينبغي أن يكون.

ملاحظة: هذا ليس بالقرب من الصين، التي تفقد طبقة تربتها السطحية بمعدل 54 ضعف المعدل الطبيعي للنضوب.

الآن هذه بالتأكيد مشكلة. لأن هناك الكثير من الأراضي الزراعية ستهدر، ومع ذلك، فإن 1 مليار من سكان العالم ينامون جائعين .

في البداية اعتقد المزارعون أن زيادة المحاصيل بالمواد الكيميائية السامة هي السبيل لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الغذاء. لحسن الحظ، وجدنا من خلال البحث أن أساليب الزراعة المستدامة كانت ضرورية للغاية لضمان استمرار الإمداد.

هذا هو المكان الذي ازدهرت فيه طرق الزراعة المستدامة. إحدى هذه الطرق هي الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا.

ما هي الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيا؟

الزراعة / الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا هي نوع من أنظمة الزراعة العضوية المستدامة التي تتضمن العمل مع عناصر مثل التربة والهواء والماء والشمس لتحقيق أقصى قدر من الغلة والتنوع البيولوجي وخصوبة التربة.

يختار العديد من صغار المزارعين استخدام مكثف بيولوجيًا للأسباب التالية:

  1. انخفاض الاستثمار
  2. الحد الأدنى من استخدام التكنولوجيا
  3. عائد أعلى من الأراضي الصغيرة
  4. يحفظ الماء

هذا يعني أعلى عوائد ممكنة مع الحد الأدنى من استخدام الموارد. يا ولد!

تم استخدام معظم التقنيات التي تساهم في أساليب Biointensive في الزراعة الصينية واليونانية والأوروبية القديمة على الأقل من أواخر القرن الثامن عشر.

راجع أيضًا   كيف تساعد الخيول البيئة؟

ذهب ألاند تشادويك لدمج المفاهيم البيولوجية مع البستنة الفرنسية المكثفة لجعل منهجه الفريد، المعروف باسم الأسلوب الفرنسي الحيوي المكثف. منذ ذلك الحين، كنا نتعلم المزيد والمزيد عن الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا.

مكونات الزراعة الحيوية المكثفة

يعتمد نظام الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا على مكونات / طرق معينة تشمل:

  1. سماد
  2. زرع رفيق
  3. زراعة الكربون
  4. زراعة السعرات الحرارية
  5. أسرة مرتفعة محفورة مرتين
  6. استخدام بذور مفتوحة التلقيح
  7. وطريقة زراعة نظام كامل

بادئ ذي بدء، لا توجد آلات!

تتم كل هذه العمليات يدويًا دون استخدام الآلات الزراعية. وذلك لأن الآلات المستخدمة في المزرعة تعمل على ضغط التربة مما يضر بخصوبة التربة.

1. التسميد

يمكن الحصول على السماد في الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا عن طريق زراعة الكربون. تعتمد زراعة الكربون على زراعة المحاصيل التي تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من الكتلة الحيوية مما يعني نسبة عالية من الكربون.

2. زرع رفيق

الزراعة المصاحبة هي زراعة محاصيل مختلفة على مقربة لأسباب محددة مثل التلقيح ومكافحة الآفات وتوفير موائل للحشرات المفيدة.

  العوامل المؤثرة على الزراعة

الزراعة المصاحبة هي نوع من الزراعة متعددة الثقافات.

3. زراعة الكربون

تستخدم زراعة الكربون محاصيل مثل الدخن أو الشوفان أو القطيفة. يمكن استخدام هذه المحاصيل لتوفير التغذية لأسرة المزارعين وتجديد خصوبة التربة التي تعتبر ضرورية لأي أرض زراعية.

تحقق الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا أفضل ظروف التربة من خلال عملية تسمى الحفر المزدوج .

4. زراعة السعرات الحرارية

تهدف زراعة السعرات الحرارية إلى إنتاج نظام غذائي كامل في أصغر منطقة ممكنة. يركز بشكل أساسي على المحاصيل الجذرية الخاصة التي تكون كثيفة السعرات الحرارية وتنتج جيدًا في مساحة صغيرة. تشمل المحاصيل ذات السعرات الحرارية البطاطس والكراث والثوم والجزر الأبيض والخرشوف القدس.

5. الحفر المزدوج

يتضمن الحفر المزدوج خلط طبقتين من التربة (بدلاً من الطبقة الواحدة) للسماح بتبادل أفضل بكثير للهواء والمغذيات والمياه مع جذور المحاصيل.

علاوة على ذلك، يساعد التسميد على إعادة الكربون والمواد المغذية إلى التربة.

6. استخدام البذور مفتوحة التلقيح

تنتج البذور الملقحة المفتوحة نباتات تشبه والديها. يساعد استخدام البذور الملقحة المفتوحة المزارعين في الحصول على إمداداتهم الخاصة من البذور. إنه أقل تكلفة، وله نكهة أكثر.

راجع أيضًا   أكثر من 20 نوعًا من الدجاج يجب أن تعرفه

7. طريقة الزراعة نظام كامل

تهدف طريقة زراعة النظام بالكامل إلى دمج الأشجار والتحوطات والبرك وغيرها من الميزات لتعظيم النظم الطبيعية. سيؤدي هذا في النهاية إلى تعزيز التنوع البيولوجي في المزرعة.

يسمح هذا أيضًا للمزارع بالتفكير والتعرف على الأنظمة الطبيعية، وتجنب الزراعة تمامًا لتحقيق الأرباح.


تهدف هذه المكونات من الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا إلى زيادة التنوع البيولوجي والتناغم بين النباتات في الطبيعة، من خلال تجنب الممارسات الضارة للزراعة الأحادية تمامًا .

الآن دعنا نتعمق أكثر في أهمية الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا.

أهمية الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيا

يواجه العالم تحديات خطيرة بسبب انخفاض الأراضي الخصبة، والحد من التنوع البيولوجي، وقضايا الاحتباس الحراري، وأكثر من ذلك بكثير.

في مثل هذه الأوقات الصعبة، تهدف أنظمة الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا إلى تزويدنا بالكثير من الراحة.

عندما يتعلق الأمر بالحفاظ على خصوبة التربة ؛ إحدى الطرق هي الحفاظ على التربة (من خلال المكونات التي ناقشناها).

طريقة أخرى هي استخدام التربة بشكل مستدام عن طريق حجز 60 ٪ من الأرض لمحاصيل السماد. وهذا من شأنه أن يزود التربة بالمغذيات ويعزز الاستخدام المستدام للأرض.

تستخدم مساحة أقل لإنتاج نفس محصول المحاصيل كما هو الحال مع الزراعة التقليدية. سيساعدنا هذا على الابتعاد عن أهوال الزراعة التقليدية والتكيف مع الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا بأذرع مفتوحة.

قد يكون أيضًا إجابة لحلول ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري.

الفوائد البيئية للزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيا

سأعرض لك الأرقام وأتيح لك تحديد مدى فائدة الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا.

تستخدم المزارع المكثفة بيولوجيًا جزءًا صغيرًا من الموارد المستخدمة عادةً في الأراضي الزراعية التقليدية.

  كم يكلف بدء مزرعة؟

لكي تكون أكثر تحديدًا، تستخدم المزارع المكثفة بيولوجيًا:

  • تصل إلى 50٪ من نفس الأرض
  • حتى 50٪ من الأسمدة
  • 12-33٪ ماء
  • تصل إلى 6٪ من إجمالي الطاقة

بالمقارنة مع المزارع التقليدية.

تقلل الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا من استخدام الموارد مع ضمان فعالية هذه الموارد.

يمكن أن يؤدي استخدام الأسمدة الاصطناعية المنخفضة إلى تقليل الجريان السطحي في المسطحات المائية القريبة. هذا يتحول إلى تقليل التلوث.

هناك تحسن لا يصدق في التنوع البيولوجي باستخدام أنواع المحاصيل المتنوعة، بدلاً من الزراعة الصارمة لمحصول واحد (الزراعة الأحادية). لقد ناقشنا بالفعل مدى أهمية التنوع البيولوجي للبيئة . الترويج لها لا يحتاج إلى تفكير لمساعدة البيئة.

راجع أيضًا   35 من أطول الكائنات الحية التي يجب أن تعرفها!

كما أنها تحارب تغير المناخ من خلال العمل كعوازل الكربون.

الأسطورة: انخفاض الغلة.

يعتقد الكثير من الناس أن هذه الفوائد تترجم إلى انخفاض غلة المحاصيل. محصول المحاصيل مع الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا هو في الواقع أفضل (إن لم يكن هو نفسه) مقارنة بالزراعة التقليدية.

كما كنا نناقش للتو حول مدى أهمية التربة السطحية للخصوبة. سيكون من المنطقي إخبارك كيف تفيد الزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا خصوبة التربة.

معدل إنتاج طبقة التربة السطحية الخصبة أعلى 60 مرة من المعدل الطبيعي عند تطبيق هذه الطرق.

دعونا نرى كيف يمكنك تطبيقها على حديقتك.

نصائح حول البستنة المكثفة بيولوجيًا

لا تحتاج إلى أراضٍ زراعية كبيرة وفدادين من المساحة للقيام بالزراعة المكثفة بيولوجيًا، يمكنك ببساطة القيام بذلك في حديقتك.

اسمح لي أن أقدم لك بعض النصائح لتخطيط حديقتك الحيوية المكثفة وإنجاحها!

  • يجب أن تهدف إلى زراعة محاصيلك على مقربة شديدة وبأشكال سداسية بدلاً من أن تكون في صفوف.
  • يجب أن تهدف إلى تخفيف التربة إلى عمق 24 بوصة لتحقيق أفضل خصوبة للتربة.
  • تفضل زراعة المحاصيل التي تحتوي على الكثير من الكتلة الحيوية، بحيث يمكن إعادتها إلى التربة في شكل سماد. بعض الأمثلة على هذه المحاصيل تشمل القمح والباركلي والجاودار والقمح.
  • ازرع المحاصيل الغنية بالسعرات الحرارية. وتشمل البطاطا الحلوة والبطاطا والجزر الأبيض والكراث. تميل هذه المحاصيل إلى إنتاج غلة جيدة في مناطق صغيرة (مثل الفناء الخلفي).
  • اختر زراعة الأصناف التي تعمل في تناغم مع النباتات الأخرى في تلك الحديقة. يمكن أن يكون في شكل طارد للآفات أو في تثبيت النيتروجين في التربة.
  • اهدف إلى زراعة بذور مفتوحة التلقيح ، فهذا سيساعدك على توفير المال وأيضًا الحفاظ على التنوع الجيني لحديقتك.
  • تعد الإدارة الجيدة والشاملة للنظام ومراقبته أمرًا مهمًا لحديقة بيولوجية مكثفة مثالية.
  • لا ينبغي أن يكون هدفك هو جني الأموال من حديقتك ذات الكثافة الحيوية، بل إنشاء حديقة مزروعة بأساليب الزراعة المستدامة. الآن هذا إنجاز!

ستساعدك هذه النصائح الصغيرة في الحصول على أكثر الحدائق تنوعًا حيويًا في الحي.

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