عيوب الزراعة العضوية

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عيوب الزراعة العضوية

التصور العام هو أن الطعام المزروع عضويا هو أكثر صحة، وأن الزراعة العضوية أكثر صداقة للبيئة. تختلف الزراعة العضوية اختلافًا كبيرًا عن الزراعة التقليدية، والتي تجلب مزايا وعيوب.

عيوب الزراعة العضوية هي أنها كثيفة العمالة، وحساسة للتدهور الاقتصادي، وتتطلب المزيد من التخطيط، ولا يمكنها الاستفادة من المواد الكيميائية الاصطناعية. وتتمثل المزايا في أنها أقل عرضة للمخاطر الطبيعية والمالية، وأكثر كفاءة واستدامة وصديقة للبيئة.

يساعد إنتاج الغذاء عضويًا في تقليل الغازات المسببة للاحتباس الحراري مثل أكسيد النيتروز والميثان، والتي لها فوائد بيئية كبيرة. المنتج أكثر صحة للبشر، والزراعة العضوية لا تهدد النظم البيئية المحلية. ومع ذلك، فإن الزراعة العضوية لها عيوبها.

عيوب الزراعة العضوية

الأول: تكاليف الإنتاج المستزرع عضويًا أكثر

من خلال عدم استخدام مبيدات الآفات ومبيدات الأعشاب، عادة ما تكون الزراعة العضوية أكثر كثافة في العمالة، كما أن تكلفة الأعلاف العضوية أعلى أيضًا. يتم نقل التكلفة المضافة إلى المستهلك، لذلك تميل الأطعمة العضوية إلى أن تكون أكثر تكلفة. كل هذا جيد إذا كان الاقتصاد قويًا وكان لدى الناس المال لدفع المزيد قليلاً لوضع الأطعمة العضوية على مائدتهم.

ومع ذلك، عندما يكون الاقتصاد ضعيفًا ويواجه الناس صعوبة في الحصول على المال، فمن غير المرجح أن يدفعوا أكثر مقابل المنتجات العضوية وسيشترون منتجات أرخص. تعتبر الزراعة العضوية أكثر استدامة وكفاءة من الزراعة التقليدية، ولكن يجب أن يكون المجتمع راغبًا وقادرًا على دفع الثمن الأعلى.

ثانيًا: تتطلب الزراعة العضوية طرقًا جيدة التصميم لمنافسة الزراعة التقليدية

يتعين على المزارع العضوي الذي يستخدم الأرض المزروعة تقليديًا في السابق الانتظار لمدة ثلاث سنوات قبل تصنيف منتجاته على أنها عضوية. ينص قانون الولايات المتحدة على أنه للتأهل كمحصول عضوي، يجب إنتاجه على أرض لم تتعرض للأسمدة الاصطناعية والمبيدات الحشرية ومبيدات الأعشاب لمدة ثلاث سنوات قبل الحصاد. هذا يعني أن تكاليف البدء يمكن أن تكون أعلى بالنسبة للمزارعين العضويين.

يجب أن يخطط المزارعون العضويون بعناية لتناوب المحاصيل والاستخدام الأمثل للأراضي لإدارة الأعشاب الضارة والآفات لأنهم لا يستطيعون استخدام المواد الكيميائية. هذا يعني أنه يجب عليهم الزراعة بشكل أكثر استراتيجية وقد لا ينتجون نفس المحاصيل عامًا بعد عام.

يتعين على المزارع العضوية استخدام مواردها المتاحة بشكل أكثر كفاءة وفعالية وقد تضطر إلى إنشاء السماد العضوي الخاص بها أو الأسمدة العضوية بدلاً من شراء الأسمدة الكيماوية.

ثالثًا: الزراعة العضوية تتطلب منطقة عازلة مع المزارع التقليدية المجاورة

نظرًا لأن العديد من المزارعين التقليديين يستخدمون غبار المحاصيل والرش لاستخدام مبيدات الأعشاب والمبيدات الحشرية والأسمدة الكيماوية، فيمكنهم تلويث المزارع العضوية المجاورة. تساعد المنطقة العازلة على تقليل هذا الاحتمال، ولكنها قد تعني أن الأرض الواقعة على أطراف المزارع العضوية لا يمكن استخدامها لزراعة المحاصيل.

قال النقاد إن المزارع العضوية تحتاج إلى المزيد من الأراضي لإنتاج نفس الغلة مثل المزارع التقليدية. يبدو أن بعض الأبحاث التي أجرتها وكالة حماية البيئة الدنماركية تدعم هذا، حيث وجدت أن عشب البذور المستزرع عضوياً والبطاطس وبنجر السكر أظهر نصف المحصول مقارنة بنفس المساحة في المزارع التقليدية.

ومع ذلك، أظهر تحليل لمائتين واثنين وتسعين دراسة قيمت كفاءة المزارع العضوية والتقليدية أن المزارع العضوية يمكن أن تنتج ما يكفي من الغذاء للحفاظ على سكان العالم. يمكنهم إطعام عدد أكبر من السكان دون زيادة مساحة الأراضي الزراعية المتاحة.

  كيف ترتبط ممارسات الزراعة العضوية بصحة التربة؟

وجدت دراسة استمرت عشرين عامًا أجرتها جامعة كورنيل في بنسلفانيا بالولايات المتحدة أن إنتاجية الحقول العضوية كانت مماثلة للحقول التقليدية وتسببت في نفس الوقت في تقليل التلوث البيئي وتقليل استخدام الوقود الأحفوري.

تم تعويض ارتفاع تكاليف العمالة في المزارع العضوية من خلال الأسعار المرتفعة التي جلبتها منتجاتهم في الأسواق، وحقق المزارعون العضويون عوائد جيدة.

اقرأ أيضا: فوائد الزراعة العضوية.

رابعًا: الزراعة العضوية هي عمومًا أكثر كثافة لليد العاملة

الزراعة العضوية عمل شاق وتتطلب عمالة بشرية بدنية أكثر من الزراعة التقليدية. كلما كبرت المساحة المراد زراعتها، زادت الحاجة إلى عمال أكثر. يجب استيعابهم وإطعامهم وتزويدهم بمستوى معين من الرعاية الصحية.

يجب أيضًا تنظيم هؤلاء العمال والإشراف عليهم للحفاظ على معايير الزراعة العضوية.

يجب أن يعتني المزارعون العضويون بالأرض من خلال إدارة خصوبة التربة فقط باستخدام الأسمدة الحيوانية والنفايات العضوية الأخرى، وتناوب المحاصيل، وطرق الزراعة المحددة، ومحاصيل التغطية . يجب عليهم مكافحة الآفات والأمراض والأعشاب من خلال العمليات الفيزيائية والميكانيكية والبيولوجية حيث لا يمكنهم استخدام المواد الكيميائية.

للحفاظ على صحة الماشية، يمكنهم فقط استخدام اللقاحات والأعلاف المكملة بالفيتامينات والمعادن. على عكس المزارعين التقليديين، لا يُسمح للمزارعين العضويين باستخدام المضادات الحيوية غير العلاجية لتعزيز نمو الثروة الحيوانية وتحسين الغلة.

للحصول على شهادة عضوية، يتعين عليهم دفع رسوم واجتياز الاختبار. يتعين على المزارعين العضويين أيضًا الاحتفاظ بسجلات دقيقة لطرق الزراعة والزراعة الخاصة بهم لأن عمليات التفتيش السنوية للامتثال للمعايير العضوية تتم من خلال البرنامج العضوي الوطني في الولايات المتحدة.

العمل في مزرعة عضوية
العمل في مزرعة عضوية

خامساً: لا يمكن للمزارعين العضويين استخدام هرمون النمو لزيادة إنتاج الحليب

يزيد هرمون النمو من إنتاج الحليب في الأبقار، مما يعني الحاجة إلى عدد أقل من الأبقار لإنتاج نفس الكمية من الحليب. قلة الأبقار تعني كمية أقل من الروث الذي يولد غازات دفيئة أقل ويتطلب مساحات أقل من الأراضي المزروعة لزراعة علف الماشية.

يقول العلماء إن هرمون النمو يتم تدميره عن طريق أحماض المعدة ولا تمتصه المعدة، لذلك لا يشكل خطرًا على البشر الذين يشربون حليب الأبقار أو يأكلون لحم البقر. على أي حال، يتم تدمير تسعين بالمائة من هرمون النمو في الحليب عن طريق البسترة. يقولون أنه لا يوجد دليل على أن هرمون النمو يغير تكوين الحليب من حيث محتوى الدهون والبروتين واللاكتوز.

لا يسمح قانون الولايات المتحدة للمزارعين العضويين باستخدام هرمون النمو، لذلك لا يمكنهم تحسين الغلة باستخدامه.

ستة مزايا للزراعة العضوية

أولاً: المزارعون العضويون يقللون من انبعاثات غازات الاحتباس الحراري

يتطلب تصنيع الأسمدة الاصطناعية التي يستخدمها المزارعون التقليديون كميات كبيرة من الوقود الأحفوري. تطلق هذه الأنواع من الوقود غازات الدفيئة مثل أكسيد النيتروز والميثان في الغلاف الجوي، مما يؤدي إلى تغير المناخ.

تنتج الزراعة التقليدية غازات دفيئة بنسبة أربعين في المائة أكثر من الزراعة العضوية، على الرغم من أن غلة المحاصيل قابلة للمقارنة.

ثانيًا: الزراعة العضوية أكثر صداقة للبيئة

يستخدم المزارعون العضويون السماد العضوي والنفايات العضوية بدلاً من الأسمدة الكيماوية. تستخدم الزراعة التقليدية مبيدات الآفات ومبيدات الأعشاب لمكافحة الحشرات والأعشاب الضارة، بينما يتجنب المزارعون العضويون ذلك باستخدام الطيور والحشرات الصديقة والفخاخ لمكافحة الآفات الحشرية.

  كيف تعزز الزراعة العضوية التنمية المستدامة؟

الأسمدة الكيماوية ومبيدات الأعشاب ومبيدات الآفات المستخدمة في الزراعة التقليدية تهدد النظم البيئية الطبيعية من خلال تلويث الأنهار والجداول وإلحاق الضرر بالأسماك والطيور والحيوانات الأخرى في البيئة.

تتحلل النفايات والسماد الذي يستخدمه المزارعون العضويون بسرعة ولا تتراكم في التربة وأنظمة المياه. يستخدم المزارعون التقليديون البذور المعالجة بالمبيدات الحشرية، بينما لا يستخدمها المزارعون العضويون. العديد من المبيدات الحشرية من المعروف أنها مواد مسرطنة تسبب السرطان للإنسان.

تستخدم الزراعة التقليدية حوالي خمسة وعشرين بالمائة من المبيدات الحشرية الكيميائية في العالم. إنهم لا يقتلون الآفات الحشرية فحسب، بل يقتلون الحشرات المفيدة الأخرى مثل النحل والخنافس وغيرها من الحشرات التي تتغذى على الآفات. لا يستخدمها المزارعون العضويون، مفضلين الأساليب الطبيعية مثل الفخاخ لتثبيط الآفات الحشرية وإدارتها.

في وقت الحصاد، يتم تقشير المحاصيل من قبل المزارعين التقليديين باستخدام المواد الكيميائية، بينما يستخدم المزارعون العضويون المواسم لإزالة أوراق النباتات بشكل طبيعي.

ثالثًا: الزراعة العضوية أكثر استدامة

تعمل طرق الزراعة العضوية على تحسين جودة التربة عن طريق إضافة مواد عضوية إليها. لذلك، لا يتم استنزاف الأرض من العناصر الغذائية الطبيعية كما هو الحال في طرق الزراعة التقليدية.

تعتبر المزارع العضوية أفضل في الحفاظ على التنوع في النظم البيئية المحلية. ثبت أن التربة المدارة عضوياً تتمتع باحتفاظ أعلى بالمياه، مما يوفر ميزة على المزارع التقليدية في سنوات الجفاف أو الجفاف.

كومة السماد للمزرعة العضوية
كومة السماد للمزرعة العضوية

رابعًا: الزراعة العضوية أكثر كفاءة في استخدام الطاقة

أظهرت الأبحاث أن الزراعة العضوية تستخدم طاقة أقل بنسبة 45 في المائة من الزراعة التقليدية. يستخدم المزارعون التقليديون أنظمة الري الآلية التي تضخ المياه للمحاصيل.

أنظمة الري هذه مكثفة وتهدر الكثير من المياه. يستخدم المزارعون العضويون مياه الأمطار التي تحتفظ بها التربة بشكل أفضل وتقلل من متطلبات الري.

خامساً: لا يستخدم المزارعون العضويون المضادات الحيوية غير العلاجية وهرمونات النمو

هناك مشكلة عالمية كبيرة تتعلق بمقاومة البكتيريا للعديد من المضادات الحيوية. هذا ليس فقط بسبب المبالغة في وصف الأطباء ولكن أيضًا لأن اللحوم التي يتناولها الناس تحتوي على مضادات حيوية تستخدم لمنع الأمراض البكتيرية وبالتالي تعزيز نمو الماشية.

يستخدم المزارعون التقليديون أيضًا هرمون النمو لتقليل الوقت من حقل إلى آخر، لكن الناس لا يحبون فكرة استهلاكه في طعامهم. في الولايات المتحدة، لا يمكن للمزارعين العضويين استخدام المضادات الحيوية غير العلاجية وهرمون النمو في الماشية.

سادساً: المزارعون العضويون الراسخون أقل عرضة للمخاطر

تتطلب الزراعة العضوية المزيد من تنويع المحاصيل بسبب تقنيات إدارة الأراضي. وهذا يجعل المزارعين العضويين الراسخين أقل عرضة للمخاطر الطبيعية والاقتصادية من المزارعين التقليديين المتخصصين في نفس محصول واحد أو محصولين عامًا بعد عام.

قال خبراء الاقتصاد إن الاتجاهات المستقبلية في أسعار السلع الأساسية وتنظيم التلوث وأسعار المدخلات سيكون لها تأثيرات مختلطة على الزراعة العضوية والتقليدية، لكن التأثير الصافي من المرجح أن يكون لصالح المزارعين العضويين.

استنتاج

يبدو أن مزايا الزراعة العضوية تفوق مساوئها ، خاصة على المدى الطويل عندما يؤخذ التأثير البيئي وصحة الإنسان في الاعتبار. قد تكون تكلفة تشغيل مزرعة عضوية جيدة التخطيط والتصميم بعناية أكبر، ولكن هناك مكاسب في الكفاءة وأرباح أكبر يمكن جنيها من بيع المنتجات العضوية.

219 تعليق

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